There are a number of roles in IT that can significantly change the organization for good or bad. Through a combination of surveys, interviews, and consulting engagements, we gathered in-depth information on the common reasons for failure across all roles, and the specific reasons for failure in individual ones. For this second report in the series, we focus on the operational roles and identify why infrastructure, applications, and the program management office (PMO) fail and what can be done to mitigate or avoid failure.