IT infrastructure has shifted decisively toward cloud-native technologies, including containers, Kubernetes, microservices, and service mesh. Kubernetes-based infrastructure orchestrates container clusters at scale, but most legacy applications were built for (and run on) virtual machines, and many were developed as monoliths. The challenge is leveraging the new generation of cloud-native technologies to modernize applications without breaking or prematurely abandoning them — and in a cost-effective manner. Organizations must dedicate resources — from building net-new applications to modernizing existing ones — and conform to the software development lifecycle (SDLC) and GRC.